What is string concatenation in java

How to concatenate strings in Java

Concatenation is the process of combining two or more strings to form a new string by subsequently appending the next string to the end of the previous strings.

In Java, two strings can be concatenated by using the + or += operator, or through the concat() method, defined in the java.lang.String class.

This shot will discuss how to perform string concatenation using both of these methods.

Code

Example 1

The program below demonstrates how to concatenate two strings using the + operator in Java.

class HelloWorld  
public static void main( String args[] )  
String first = "Hello";
 
String second = "World";
 
String third = first + second;
 
System.out.println(third);
 
// yet another way to concatenate strings
 
first += second;
 
System.out.println(first);
 
>
>

The concat() method

The signature of the concat() method is shown below:

Syntax

String concat(String stringToConcat) 

Parameter

stringToConcat is the string to be concatenated. It will be appended at the end of the string object calling this method.

Return type

The concat() method returns the concatenated string.

Example 2

The program below demonstrates the concatenation using the String.concat() method with two strings in Java:

class HelloWorld  
public static void main( String args[] )  
String first = "Hello";
 
String second = "World";
 
String third = first.concat(second);
 
System.out.println(third);
 
>
 
>

Note: You can also directly concatenate the strings within the println method itself as System.out.println(first + second); or System.out.println(first.concat(second)); .

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Strings

Strings, which are widely used in Java programming, are a sequence of characters. In the Java programming language, strings are objects.

The Java platform provides the String class to create and manipulate strings.

Creating Strings

The most direct way to create a string is to write:

String greeting = "Hello world!";

In this case, «Hello world!» is a string literal—a series of characters in your code that is enclosed in double quotes. Whenever it encounters a string literal in your code, the compiler creates a String object with its value—in this case, Hello world! .

As with any other object, you can create String objects by using the new keyword and a constructor. The String class has thirteen constructors that allow you to provide the initial value of the string using different sources, such as an array of characters:

char[] helloArray = < 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '.' >; String helloString = new String(helloArray); System.out.println(helloString);

The last line of this code snippet displays hello .

Note: The String class is immutable, so that once it is created a String object cannot be changed. The String class has a number of methods, some of which will be discussed below, that appear to modify strings. Since strings are immutable, what these methods really do is create and return a new string that contains the result of the operation.

String Length

Methods used to obtain information about an object are known as accessor methods. One accessor method that you can use with strings is the length() method, which returns the number of characters contained in the string object. After the following two lines of code have been executed, len equals 17:

String palindrome = "Dot saw I was Tod"; int len = palindrome.length();

A palindrome is a word or sentence that is symmetric—it is spelled the same forward and backward, ignoring case and punctuation. Here is a short and inefficient program to reverse a palindrome string. It invokes the String method charAt(i) , which returns the i th character in the string, counting from 0.

public class StringDemo < public static void main(String[] args) < String palindrome = "Dot saw I was Tod"; int len = palindrome.length(); char[] tempCharArray = new char[len]; char[] charArray = new char[len]; // put original string in an // array of chars for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) < tempCharArray[i] = palindrome.charAt(i); >// reverse array of chars for (int j = 0; j < len; j++) < charArray[j] = tempCharArray[len - 1 - j]; >String reversePalindrome = new String(charArray); System.out.println(reversePalindrome); > >

Running the program produces this output:

To accomplish the string reversal, the program had to convert the string to an array of characters (first for loop), reverse the array into a second array (second for loop), and then convert back to a string. The String class includes a method, getChars() , to convert a string, or a portion of a string, into an array of characters so we could replace the first for loop in the program above with

palindrome.getChars(0, len, tempCharArray, 0);

Concatenating Strings

The String class includes a method for concatenating two strings:

This returns a new string that is string1 with string2 added to it at the end.

You can also use the concat() method with string literals, as in:

"My name is ".concat("Rumplestiltskin");

Strings are more commonly concatenated with the + operator, as in

The + operator is widely used in print statements. For example:

String string1 = "saw I was "; System.out.println("Dot " + string1 + "Tod");

Such a concatenation can be a mixture of any objects. For each object that is not a String , its toString() method is called to convert it to a String .

Note: The Java programming language does not permit literal strings to span lines in source files, so you must use the + concatenation operator at the end of each line in a multi-line string. For example:

String quote = "Now is the time for all good " + "men to come to the aid of their country.";

Breaking strings between lines using the + concatenation operator is, once again, very common in print statements.

Creating Format Strings

You have seen the use of the printf() and format() methods to print output with formatted numbers. The String class has an equivalent class method, format() , that returns a String object rather than a PrintStream object.

Using String’s static format() method allows you to create a formatted string that you can reuse, as opposed to a one-time print statement. For example, instead of

System.out.printf("The value of the float " + "variable is %f, while " + "the value of the " + "integer variable is %d, " + "and the string is %s", floatVar, intVar, stringVar);

String fs; fs = String.format("The value of the float " + "variable is %f, while " + "the value of the " + "integer variable is %d, " + " and the string is %s", floatVar, intVar, stringVar); System.out.println(fs);

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