Managing Users’ Permissions in PHP
If you have a hierarchical permission system where users have different levels of access, you can assign numbers to each level and create a table. This approach allows for the addition of a new user type, such as a moderator, between the admin and accountant. However, it won’t work if the moderator and accountant have the same level of permissions. In this system, users are organized into roles, and a user can belong to multiple roles. The application defines the privileges, such as the ability to create a user or post an article.
Php — How can i manage users permission?
While desiring a straightforward resolution, the inquiry at hand is far from uncomplicated.
On one hand, you can assign unique permissions to each user for every page, providing great flexibility. However, this approach would create a challenging administrative task. On the other hand, you can either grant or deny users access to the entire site, which is less flexible but simpler to manage and code for.
The initial one is characterized by its fine-grained nature, while the latter exhibits a coarse-grained nature. The objective of identifying an authorization scheme is to establish one that provides a level of granularity that aligns with your requirements, striking the right balance between flexibility and ease of administration/development.
There are two popular schemes that might catch your attention.
- Assign a specific type to every user in the database. Upon login, store this type (e.g., User, Admin, Moderator) in the session and validate it on relevant pages.
- A user can have multiple roles assigned to them, such as being both an Admin and a Moderator, or just one of them, or neither. To achieve this, a separate table called «userroles» is needed, along with storing an array in the session to indicate the assigned roles. This approach is more flexible than the alternative (1) and is commonly referred to as role-based authorization.
Numerous alternatives and variations exist for both of these, with the possibility of combining various schemes.
Generic authorization libraries can be inadequate because they must strike a balance between accommodating a wide range of use cases and providing specific functionality for each user.
- A group of users form a role
- A user may belong to many roles
- Application defines privileges such as creating a user or posting an article.
- Assign roles with additional privileges using the administrative interface.
- Prior to the page loading, perform an ACL check. If the user is a member of a role that possesses the necessary privileges for the requested page, grant the user permission to proceed. Otherwise, redirect the user to the access denied page.
- One can easily accomplish this by utilizing third-party libraries such as Zend_Acl.
Select a library that you feel at ease using, while keeping the core concept unchanged.
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PHP code to restrict member access by permissions
The question about Access Control Lists (ACL) has been frequently raised on SO. Zend_ACL is one of the popular PHP options for ACL and offers a high level of flexibility to tailor it according to your requirements.
Regarding your comment on object-oriented libraries, I would like to make an edit.
Finding a non-object oriented ACL solution can be extremely challenging since there are very few reliable ACLs available for PHP, with Zend being the only one I am aware of. Most modern applications tend to adopt an object oriented approach. However, don’t worry, you can explore the tutorials. I believe you will have no trouble using Zend_Acl in a function oriented application. While you will need to interact with the ACL using OOP, it is a simple task. I don’t think you will need to make significant changes to your application. I encourage you to give it a try, and in general, learning the basics of OOP is not difficult. I recommend thoroughly reading the «Classes and Objects» chapter in the PHP manual.
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User groups and their permissions to manage site
Using comparators such as
Not only is it inflexible, but it also lacks scalability, making it a poor idea.
If your permissions follow a hierarchical structure, where higher-level users have more permissions than lower-level users, there are several options available.
admin - 1, 2, 3 accountant - 1, 2 user - 1 After assigning numbers, you have the option to communicate.
admin 1000 accountant 500 user 250 You can introduce a new user type (such as a moderator) between the admin and accountant roles. However, this will not function properly if you encounter the following scenario:
admin 1, 2, 3 accountant 1, 2 moderator 1, 3 user 1 Since the moderator and accountant permissions are at the same level.
The most effective approach involves utilizing bitwise operators and assigning binary values to secure your designated zones.
In a basic scenario, a user has the ability to read content, a moderator has the ability to read and write content, and an admin has the ability to read, write, and delete content. To represent this, a table can be created with values constructed using the bitwise OR operator.
Users: Read Write Delete admin: 7 - (0b001 | 0b010 | 0b100) = 0b111 = 7 moderator: 3 - (0b001 | 0b010 | NO ) = 0b011 = 3 user: 1 - (0b001 | NO | NO ) = 0b001 = 1 //Permissions: define('READ', 1); define('WRITE', 2); define('DELETE', 4); if ($userPermissions & READ) < //Allowed to Read >if ($userPermissions & WRITE) < //Show write form >Here are some instances of bitwise operators, which indicate that if x includes bit y, it will result in true. This applies to the write function.
User Permission User Write 1 & 2 0b001 & 0b010 -- returns false Admin Write 7 & 2 0b111 & 0b010 -- returns true The bit 0b001 is not contained in the first example, resulting in a false return. However, the bit 0b010 is contained in 0b111, resulting in a true return.
Is it possible for a user to belong to multiple groups? If not, create a table within your database.
Group group_id INT (for sorting) group_name VARCHAR user_id INT In all other cases, create a table with Group | group_id, group_name and Group_User_affiliation | group_id, user_id .
Naturally, modify these according to your chosen naming convention.
If you are using an OOP approach, include a field ( .group ) in your existing class. Otherwise, create functions ( STRING get_group(INT $user_id) ) to query the database.
To enhance the database, I would create two additional tables, namely permissions and groups_permissions . The first table would consist of three fields — id, name, and title (for human reading). As for the second table, it would require the addition of permissions such as ‘action_one’, ‘action_two’, and ‘and_another_action’.
Afterwards, within the PHP code, validate the permissions in the following manner:
if ( has_permission('action_one') ) While this method may seem a bit excessive for a task involving only 3 groups, it demonstrates its usefulness when additional groups are added in the future.
Instead, I am aware of a predefined approach where you generate a configuration file and enumerate permissions in the following manner:
$permissions['admin'] = array('create_all', 'delete_all', 'update_all', 'ban_users', 'etc.'); $permissions['moderator'] = array('update', 'delete'); $permissions['user'] = array('view_members_area', 'create_post', 'update_own', 'etc'); Prior to invoking an action, verify permission by utilizing a function in the aforementioned method.
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