I/O from the Command Line
A program is often run from the command line and interacts with the user in the command line environment. The Java platform supports this kind of interaction in two ways: through the Standard Streams and through the Console.
Standard Streams
Standard Streams are a feature of many operating systems. By default, they read input from the keyboard and write output to the display. They also support I/O on files and between programs, but that feature is controlled by the command line interpreter, not the program.
The Java platform supports three Standard Streams: Standard Input, accessed through System.in ; Standard Output, accessed through System.out ; and Standard Error, accessed through System.err . These objects are defined automatically and do not need to be opened. Standard Output and Standard Error are both for output; having error output separately allows the user to divert regular output to a file and still be able to read error messages. For more information, refer to the documentation for your command line interpreter.
You might expect the Standard Streams to be character streams, but, for historical reasons, they are byte streams. System.out and System.err are defined as PrintStream objects. Although it is technically a byte stream, PrintStream utilizes an internal character stream object to emulate many of the features of character streams.
By contrast, System.in is a byte stream with no character stream features. To use Standard Input as a character stream, wrap System.in in InputStreamReader .
InputStreamReader cin = new InputStreamReader(System.in);
The Console
A more advanced alternative to the Standard Streams is the Console. This is a single, predefined object of type Console that has most of the features provided by the Standard Streams, and others besides. The Console is particularly useful for secure password entry. The Console object also provides input and output streams that are true character streams, through its reader and writer methods.
Before a program can use the Console, it must attempt to retrieve the Console object by invoking System.console() . If the Console object is available, this method returns it. If System.console returns NULL , then Console operations are not permitted, either because the OS doesn’t support them or because the program was launched in a noninteractive environment.
The Console object supports secure password entry through its readPassword method. This method helps secure password entry in two ways. First, it suppresses echoing, so the password is not visible on the user’s screen. Second, readPassword returns a character array, not a String , so the password can be overwritten, removing it from memory as soon as it is no longer needed.
The Password example is a prototype program for changing a user’s password. It demonstrates several Console methods.
import java.io.Console; import java.util.Arrays; import java.io.IOException; public class Password < public static void main (String args[]) throws IOException < Console c = System.console(); if (c == null) < System.err.println("No console."); System.exit(1); >String login = c.readLine("Enter your login: "); char [] oldPassword = c.readPassword("Enter your old password: "); if (verify(login, oldPassword)) < boolean noMatch; do < char [] newPassword1 = c.readPassword("Enter your new password: "); char [] newPassword2 = c.readPassword("Enter new password again: "); noMatch = ! Arrays.equals(newPassword1, newPassword2); if (noMatch) < c.format("Passwords don't match. Try again.%n"); >else < change(login, newPassword1); c.format("Password for %s changed.%n", login); >Arrays.fill(newPassword1, ' '); Arrays.fill(newPassword2, ' '); > while (noMatch); > Arrays.fill(oldPassword, ' '); > // Dummy change method. static boolean verify(String login, char[] password) < // This method always returns // true in this example. // Modify this method to verify // password according to your rules. return true; >// Dummy change method. static void change(String login, char[] password) < // Modify this method to change // password according to your rules. >>
The Password class follows these steps:
- Attempt to retrieve the Console object. If the object is not available, abort.
- Invoke Console.readLine to prompt for and read the user’s login name.
- Invoke Console.readPassword to prompt for and read the user’s existing password.
- Invoke verify to confirm that the user is authorized to change the password. (In this example, verify is a dummy method that always returns true .)
- Repeat the following steps until the user enters the same password twice:
- Invoke Console.readPassword twice to prompt for and read a new password.
- If the user entered the same password both times, invoke change to change it. (Again, change is a dummy method.)
- Overwrite both passwords with blanks.
Class Console
Methods to access the character-based console device, if any, associated with the current Java virtual machine.
Whether a virtual machine has a console is dependent upon the underlying platform and also upon the manner in which the virtual machine is invoked. If the virtual machine is started from an interactive command line without redirecting the standard input and output streams then its console will exist and will typically be connected to the keyboard and display from which the virtual machine was launched. If the virtual machine is started automatically, for example by a background job scheduler, then it may not have a console.
If this virtual machine has a console then it is represented by a unique instance of this class which can be obtained by invoking the System.console() method. If no console device is available then an invocation of that method will return null .
Read and write operations are synchronized to guarantee the atomic completion of critical operations; therefore invoking methods readLine() , readPassword() , format() , printf() as well as the read, format and write operations on the objects returned by reader() and writer() may block in multithreaded scenarios.
Invoking close() on the objects returned by the reader() and the writer() will not close the underlying stream of those objects.
The console-read methods return null when the end of the console input stream is reached, for example by typing control-D on Unix or control-Z on Windows. Subsequent read operations will succeed if additional characters are later entered on the console’s input device.
Unless otherwise specified, passing a null argument to any method in this class will cause a NullPointerException to be thrown.
Security note: If an application needs to read a password or other secure data, it should use readPassword() or readPassword(String, Object. ) and manually zero the returned character array after processing to minimize the lifetime of sensitive data in memory.
Console cons; char[] passwd; if ((cons = System.console()) != null && (passwd = cons.readPassword("[%s]", "Password:")) != null)
Java io console source
Methods to access the character-based console device, if any, associated with the current Java virtual machine. Whether a virtual machine has a console is dependent upon the underlying platform and also upon the manner in which the virtual machine is invoked. If the virtual machine is started from an interactive command line without redirecting the standard input and output streams then its console will exist and will typically be connected to the keyboard and display from which the virtual machine was launched. If the virtual machine is started automatically, for example by a background job scheduler, then it will typically not have a console. If this virtual machine has a console then it is represented by a unique instance of this class which can be obtained by invoking the System.console() method. If no console device is available then an invocation of that method will return null. Read and write operations are synchronized to guarantee the atomic completion of critical operations; therefore invoking methods readLine() , readPassword() , format() , printf() as well as the read, format and write operations on the objects returned by reader() and writer() may block in multithreaded scenarios. Invoking close() on the objects returned by the reader() and the writer() will not close the underlying stream of those objects. The console-read methods return null when the end of the console input stream is reached, for example by typing control-D on Unix or control-Z on Windows. Subsequent read operations will succeed if additional characters are later entered on the console’s input device. Unless otherwise specified, passing a null argument to any method in this class will cause a NullPointerException to be thrown. Security note: If an application needs to read a password or other secure data, it should use readPassword() or readPassword(String, Object. ) and manually zero the returned character array after processing to minimize the lifetime of sensitive data in memory.
Console cons; char[] passwd; if ((cons = System.console()) != null && (passwd = cons.readPassword("[%s]", "Password:")) != null)
Method Summary
Writes a formatted string to this console’s output stream using the specified format string and arguments.
A convenience method to write a formatted string to this console’s output stream using the specified format string and arguments.
Provides a formatted prompt, then reads a password or passphrase from the console with echoing disabled.
Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object
Method Detail
writer
reader
Retrieves the unique Reader object associated with this console. This method is intended to be used by sophisticated applications, for example, a Scanner object which utilizes the rich parsing/scanning functionality provided by the Scanner:
Console con = System.console(); if (con != null)
For simple applications requiring only line-oriented reading, use readLine(java.lang.String, java.lang.Object. ) . The bulk read operations read(char[]) , read(char[], int, int) and read(java.nio.CharBuffer) on the returned object will not read in characters beyond the line bound for each invocation, even if the destination buffer has space for more characters. The Reader ‘s read methods may block if a line bound has not been entered or reached on the console’s input device. A line bound is considered to be any one of a line feed ('\n'), a carriage return ('\r'), a carriage return followed immediately by a linefeed, or an end of stream.
format
public Console format(String fmt, Object. args)
Writes a formatted string to this console’s output stream using the specified format string and arguments.
printf
public Console printf(String format, Object. args)
A convenience method to write a formatted string to this console’s output stream using the specified format string and arguments. An invocation of this method of the form con.printf(format, args) behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation of
readLine
public String readLine(String fmt, Object. args)
readLine
readPassword
Provides a formatted prompt, then reads a password or passphrase from the console with echoing disabled.
readPassword
flush
Class Console
Methods to access the character-based console device, if any, associated with the current Java virtual machine.
Whether a virtual machine has a console is dependent upon the underlying platform and also upon the manner in which the virtual machine is invoked. If the virtual machine is started from an interactive command line without redirecting the standard input and output streams then its console will exist and will typically be connected to the keyboard and display from which the virtual machine was launched. If the virtual machine is started automatically, for example by a background job scheduler, then it will typically not have a console.
If this virtual machine has a console then it is represented by a unique instance of this class which can be obtained by invoking the System.console() method. If no console device is available then an invocation of that method will return null .
Read and write operations are synchronized to guarantee the atomic completion of critical operations; therefore invoking methods readLine() , readPassword() , format() , printf() as well as the read, format and write operations on the objects returned by reader() and writer() may block in multithreaded scenarios.
Invoking close() on the objects returned by the reader() and the writer() will not close the underlying stream of those objects.
The console-read methods return null when the end of the console input stream is reached, for example by typing control-D on Unix or control-Z on Windows. Subsequent read operations will succeed if additional characters are later entered on the console’s input device.
Unless otherwise specified, passing a null argument to any method in this class will cause a NullPointerException to be thrown.
Security note: If an application needs to read a password or other secure data, it should use readPassword() or readPassword(String, Object. ) and manually zero the returned character array after processing to minimize the lifetime of sensitive data in memory.
Console cons; char[] passwd; if ((cons = System.console()) != null && (passwd = cons.readPassword("[%s]", "Password:")) != null)