HTML Styles — CSS

CSS saves a lot of work. It can control the layout of multiple web pages all at once.

CSS = Styles and Colors

What is CSS?

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is used to format the layout of a webpage.

With CSS, you can control the color, font, the size of text, the spacing between elements, how elements are positioned and laid out, what background images or background colors are to be used, different displays for different devices and screen sizes, and much more!

Tip: The word cascading means that a style applied to a parent element will also apply to all children elements within the parent. So, if you set the color of the body text to «blue», all headings, paragraphs, and other text elements within the body will also get the same color (unless you specify something else)!

Using CSS

CSS can be added to HTML documents in 3 ways:

• Inline — by using the style attribute inside HTML elements
• Internal — by using a element in the section
• External — by using a element to link to an external CSS file

The most common way to add CSS, is to keep the styles in external CSS files. However, in this tutorial we will use inline and internal styles, because this is easier to demonstrate, and easier for you to try it yourself.

Inline CSS

An inline CSS is used to apply a unique style to a single HTML element.

An inline CSS uses the style attribute of an HTML element.

The following example sets the text color of the element to blue, and the text color of the

element to red:

Example

A Blue Heading

Internal CSS

An internal CSS is used to define a style for a single HTML page.

An internal CSS is defined in the section of an HTML page, within a element.

The following example sets the text color of ALL the elements (on that page) to blue, and the text color of ALL the

elements to red. In addition, the page will be displayed with a «powderblue» background color:

Example

This is a heading

This is a paragraph.

External CSS

An external style sheet is used to define the style for many HTML pages.

To use an external style sheet, add a link to it in the section of each HTML page:

Example

This is a heading

This is a paragraph.

The external style sheet can be written in any text editor. The file must not contain any HTML code, and must be saved with a .css extension.

Here is what the «styles.css» file looks like:

«styles.css»:

Tip: With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire web site, by changing one file!

CSS Colors, Fonts and Sizes

Here, we will demonstrate some commonly used CSS properties. You will learn more about them later.

The CSS color property defines the text color to be used.

The CSS font-family property defines the font to be used.

The CSS font-size property defines the text size to be used.

Example

Use of CSS color, font-family and font-size properties:

This is a heading

This is a paragraph.

CSS Border

The CSS border property defines a border around an HTML element.

Tip: You can define a border for nearly all HTML elements.

Example

Use of CSS border property:

CSS Padding

The CSS padding property defines a padding (space) between the text and the border.

Example

Use of CSS border and padding properties:

CSS Margin

The CSS margin property defines a margin (space) outside the border.

Example

Use of CSS border and margin properties:

Link to External CSS

External style sheets can be referenced with a full URL or with a path relative to the current web page.

Example

This example uses a full URL to link to a style sheet:

Example

This example links to a style sheet located in the html folder on the current web site:

Example

This example links to a style sheet located in the same folder as the current page:

You can read more about file paths in the chapter HTML File Paths.

Chapter Summary

• Use the HTML style attribute for inline styling
• Use the HTML element to define internal CSS
• Use the HTML element to refer to an external CSS file
• Use the HTML element to store and elements
• Use the CSS color property for text colors
• Use the CSS font-family property for text fonts
• Use the CSS font-size property for text sizes
• Use the CSS border property for borders
• Use the CSS padding property for space inside the border
• Use the CSS margin property for space outside the border

Tip: You can learn much more about CSS in our CSS Tutorial.

HTML Exercises

HTML Style Tags

Tag	Description
	Defines style information for an HTML document
	Defines a link between a document and an external resource

For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.

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How TO — Make a Website

Learn how to create a responsive website that will work on all devices, PC, laptop, tablet, and phone.

Create a Website from Scratch

A «Layout Draft»

It can be wise to draw a layout draft of the page design before creating a website:

Navigation bar

Side Content

Main Content

Footer

First Step — Basic HTML Page

HTML is the standard markup language for creating websites and CSS is the language that describes the style of an HTML document. We will combine HTML and CSS to create a basic web page.

Example

My Website

A website created by me.

Example Explained

• The declaration defines this document to be HTML5
• The element is the root element of an HTML page
• The element contains meta information about the document
• The element specifies a title for the document
• The element should define the character set to be UTF-8
• The element with name=»viewport» makes the website look good on all devices and screen resolutions
• The element contains the styles for the website (layout/design)
• The element contains the visible page content
• The element defines a large heading
• The

  element defines a paragraph

Creating Page Content

Inside the element of our website, we will use our «Layout Draft» and create:

• A header
• A navigation bar
• Main content
• Side content
• A footer

Header

A header is usually located at the top of the website (or right below a top navigation menu). It often contains a logo or the website name:

Then we use CSS to style the header:

.header <
padding: 80px; /* some padding */
text-align: center; /* center the text */
background: #1abc9c; /* green background */
color: white; /* white text color */
>

/* Increase the font size of the element */
.header h1 font-size: 40px;
>

Navigation Bar

A navigation bar contains a list of links to help visitors navigating through your website:

Use CSS to style the navigation bar:

/* Style the top navigation bar */
.navbar overflow: hidden; /* Hide overflow */
background-color: #333; /* Dark background color */
>

/* Style the navigation bar links */
.navbar a float: left; /* Make sure that the links stay side-by-side */
display: block; /* Change the display to block, for responsive reasons (see below) */
color: white; /* White text color */
text-align: center; /* Center the text */
padding: 14px 20px; /* Add some padding */
text-decoration: none; /* Remove underline */
>

/* Right-aligned link */
.navbar a.right float: right; /* Float a link to the right */
>

/* Change color on hover/mouse-over */
.navbar a:hover background-color: #ddd; /* Grey background color */
color: black; /* Black text color */
>

Content

Create a 2-column layout, divided into a «side content» and a «main content».

We use CSS Flexbox to handle the layout:

/* Ensure proper sizing */
* box-sizing: border-box;
>

/* Column container */
.row <
display: flex;
flex-wrap: wrap;
>

/* Create two unequal columns that sits next to each other */
/* Sidebar/left column */
.side flex: 30%; /* Set the width of the sidebar */
background-color: #f1f1f1; /* Grey background color */
padding: 20px; /* Some padding */
>

/* Main column */
.main <
flex: 70%; /* Set the width of the main content */
background-color: white; /* White background color */
padding: 20px; /* Some padding */
>

Then add media queries to make the layout responsive. This will make sure that your website looks good on all devices (desktops, laptops, tablets and phones). Resize the browser window to see the result.

/* Responsive layout — when the screen is less than 700px wide, make the two columns stack on top of each other instead of next to each other */
@media screen and (max-width: 700px) .row <
flex-direction: column;
>
>

/* Responsive layout — when the screen is less than 400px wide, make the navigation links stack on top of each other instead of next to each other */
@media screen and (max-width: 400px) .navbar a float: none;
width: 100%;
>
>

Tip: To create a different kind of layout, just change the flex width (but make sure that it adds up to 100%).

Tip: Do you wonder how the @media rule works? Read more about it in our CSS Media Queries chapter.

Tip: To learn more about the Flexible Box Layout Module, read our CSS Flexbox chapter.

What is box-sizing?

You can easily create three floating boxes side by side. However, when you add something that enlarges the width of each box (e.g. padding or borders), the box will break. The box-sizing property allows us to include the padding and border in the box’s total width (and height), making sure that the padding stays inside of the box and that it does not break.

You can read more about the box-sizing property in our CSS Box Sizing Tutorial.

Footer

At last, we will add a footer.

.footer <
padding: 20px; /* Some padding */
text-align: center; /* Center text*/
background: #ddd; /* Grey background */
>

Congratulations! You have built a responsive website from scratch.

W3Schools Spaces

If you want to create your own website and host your .html files, try our website builder, called W3schools Spaces:

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